Alternate Forms
-ēre = 3rd person plural perfect (-ērunt) [Note perfect stem]
e.g. tenuēre (I.12); conticuēre (II.1)
-īs = accusative plural 3rd declension (adjectives and i-stem nouns)
Contracted forms: periclis = periculis (III.711)
Vocative of participles: ērepte (III.711)
moritūre (X.811)
Syntax
omission of preposition for:
“from” a place (ablative alone)
“in” a place (ablative alone) I.3 terris
[The context of the verb tells what kind of place]
(“to” a place) (dative) I.6 Latio
fewer ablative absolutes
Word Order
Separation of adjectives and noun-head:
common patterns:
adjective A – adjective B – (verb) – noun B – noun A (chiasmus)
adjective A – adjective B – (verb) – noun A – noun B
noun A – adjective A – (verb) – adjective B – noun B (chiasmus)
noun A – adjective B – (verb) – adjective B – noun A (chiasmus)
delayed subordinating conjunction:
Trōjae quī (1.1)
adjective/genitive – preposition – noun:
e.g. Iūnōnis ob īram (1.4)
Trōiānō ā sanguine (1. 19)
multisyllabic preposition after its object:
oras et litora
circum errantem (III.75)
quem
iuxta (VI.815)
altaria
iuxta (IV.517)
Sentence Structure
shorter clauses or units
more linear than periodic
Word Formation
suffixes:
-idēs (/-ādēs), -ae: “son/descendant of” (patronymic)
e.g. Dardanidae (II.72); Bēlīdae (II.82), Laomedontiadae (III.248), Achaemenides (III.613)
-tor, tōris, m.: noun agent: person who ____s; (English -tor, -or, -er)
e.g. genitor (I.155), ianitor (VI.298)
-trīx, trīcis, f: noun agent: (female) who ____s (English -tress, -trix)
e.g. vēnātrīx (I.319), creātrīx (III.367)
-tus, -tūs, (/-sus, -sūs) (< 4th principal part of verb), m.: (4th decl.) noun
expressing the act or result of action; often becomes a concrete noun
e.g. gemitus (I.485), dēscēnsus (VI.126)
-men, minis, nt. (3rd decl): noun (means or instrument; sometimes agent or act)
e.g. levamen (III.709)
-bilis, -e (3rd decl.) adjective “able to be ____ed” (English -ble, -able, -ible)
e.g. inlaetabilis (III.707)
-ōsus, -a, -um: adjective “full of” (English -ous, -ose, -ful)
e.g. nimbōsus, tenebrōsus, ventōsus, aquōsus
-idus, -a, -um: adjective expressing a state or condition
e.g. tumidus, horridus, pallidus, trepidus
-eus, -a, -um: adjective: “made of (a material)” (English -y, -en)
e.g. aureus, purpureus, igneus
prefixes:
in- + adjective “not ___” “un___”
e.g. inlaetābilis (III.707), infelix (IV.529), immortālis (XII.882)
Vocabulary
use of different word to refer to the same person in a passage
use of adjectival epithets instead of direct names
Prefixes & Suffixes
| Prefix |
Frequency |
| | |
Suffix2 |
Frequency |
| in- (verb) |
59 |
| | |
-eus |
37 |
| ex- |
55, 41 |
| | |
-tus/-sus, -ūs |
31 |
| in- |
55 |
| | |
-idus,-a,-um |
25 |
| ad- |
43 |
| | |
-scō, -ere |
25 |
| re |
41 |
| | |
-tō/-sō, -āre |
24 |
| con- |
28, 21 |
| | |
-bilis |
21 |
| de- |
24 |
| | |
-ōsus |
18 |
| sub- |
24 |
| | |
-or |
18 |
| ob- |
19 |
| | |
-tor |
17 |
| per- |
16 |
| | |
-men, -minis |
15 |
| pro- |
16 |
| | |
-(t)ium |
14 |
| dis- |
15 |
| | |
-ālis |
14, 1 |
| ab- |
14 |
| | |
-tus, -a, -um |
13 |
| prae- |
10 |
| | |
-trix |
9 |
| circum- |
7 |
| | |
-(c)ulum |
7 |
| sē- |
5 |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
-ius
-aeus
-eus
-(i)cus
-nus |
4, 374
0, 154
0, 74
1, 64
6
|
| inter-
amb- |
4
4 |
| |
| | |
-āx
-(i)ter |
6
63 |
1. First number is verbs, second is adjectives.
2. Jenks also gives first conjugation denominatives: Vergil 101. I do not have these broken down by type yet.
3. Not included in Jenks. The figure is mine. I do not yet have a figure for adverbs in –ē.
4. The first number is common adjectives; the second, proper adjectives.
Based on Paul R. Jenks,
A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools (Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., Publishers, 1911), who used
Aen. I-VI.