Alternate Forms

-ēre = 3rd person plural perfect (-ērunt) [Note perfect stem] e.g. tenuēre (I.12); conticuēre (II.1) -īs = accusative plural 3rd declension (adjectives and i-stem nouns) Contracted forms: periclis = periculis (III.711) Vocative of participles: ērepte (III.711) moritūre (X.811)

Syntax

omission of preposition for: “from” a place (ablative alone) “in” a place (ablative alone) I.3 terris [The context of the verb tells what kind of place] (“to” a place) (dative) I.6 Latio fewer ablative absolutes

Word Order

Separation of adjectives and noun-head: common patterns: adjective A – adjective B – (verb) – noun B – noun A (chiasmus) adjective A – adjective B – (verb) – noun A – noun B noun A – adjective A – (verb) – adjective B – noun B (chiasmus) noun A – adjective B – (verb) – adjective B – noun A (chiasmus) delayed subordinating conjunction: Trōjae quī (1.1) adjective/genitive – preposition – noun: e.g. Iūnōnis ob īram (1.4) Trōiānō ā sanguine (1. 19) multisyllabic preposition after its object: oras et litora circum errantem (III.75) quem iuxta (VI.815) altaria iuxta (IV.517)

Sentence Structure

shorter clauses or units more linear than periodic

Word Formation

suffixes: -idēs (/-ādēs), -ae: “son/descendant of” (patronymic) e.g. Dardanidae (II.72); Bēlīdae (II.82), Laomedontiadae (III.248), Achaemenides (III.613) -tor, tōris, m.: noun agent: person who ____s; (English -tor, -or, -er) e.g. genitor (I.155), ianitor (VI.298) -trīx, trīcis, f: noun agent: (female) who ____s (English -tress, -trix) e.g. vēnātrīx (I.319), creātrīx (III.367) -tus, -tūs, (/-sus, -sūs) (< 4th principal part of verb), m.: (4th decl.) noun expressing the act or result of action; often becomes a concrete noun e.g. gemitus (I.485), dēscēnsus (VI.126) -men, minis, nt. (3rd decl): noun (means or instrument; sometimes agent or act) e.g. levamen (III.709) -bilis, -e (3rd decl.) adjective “able to be ____ed” (English -ble, -able, -ible) e.g. inlaetabilis (III.707) -ōsus, -a, -um: adjective “full of” (English -ous, -ose, -ful) e.g. nimbōsus, tenebrōsus, ventōsus, aquōsus -idus, -a, -um: adjective expressing a state or condition e.g. tumidus, horridus, pallidus, trepidus -eus, -a, -um: adjective: “made of (a material)” (English -y, -en) e.g. aureus, purpureus, igneus prefixes: in- + adjective “not ___” “un___” e.g. inlaetābilis (III.707), infelix (IV.529), immortālis (XII.882)

Vocabulary

use of different word to refer to the same person in a passage use of adjectival epithets instead of direct names Prefixes & Suffixes

Prefix	Frequency	|       |	Suffix2	Frequency
in- (verb)	59	|       |	-eus	37
ex-	55, 41	|       |	-tus/-sus, -ūs	31
in-	55	|       |	-idus,-a,-um	25
ad-	43	|       |	-scō, -ere	25
re	41	|       |	-tō/-sō, -āre	24
con-	28, 21	|       |	-bilis	21
de-	24	|       |	-ōsus	18
sub-	24	|       |	-or	18
ob-	19	|       |	-tor	17
per-	16	|       |	-men, -minis	15
pro-	16	|       |	-(t)ium	14
dis-	15	|       |	-ālis	14, 1
ab-	14	|       |	-tus, -a, -um	13
prae-	10	|       |	-trix	9
circum-	7	|       |	-(c)ulum	7
sē-	5	|       | |       | |       | |       | |       |	-ius -aeus -eus -(i)cus -nus	4, 374 0, 154 0, 74 1, 64 6
inter- amb-	4 4	|       | |       |	-āx -(i)ter	6 63

1. First number is verbs, second is adjectives. 2. Jenks also gives first conjugation denominatives:  Vergil 101. I do not have these broken down by type yet. 3. Not included in Jenks. The figure is mine. I do not yet have a figure for adverbs in –ē. 4. The first number is common adjectives; the second, proper adjectives. Based on  Paul R. Jenks,  A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools (Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., Publishers, 1911), who used Aen. I-VI.