3rd declension -i stem endings (esp. adj.): acc. pl. -īs
omnīs (provinciās)
innocentīs praetores
interrogative adjective: quī ____, quae ____, quod ____, etc.
Which _____? What _____?
quae causa . . .
quā vī . . . quā gravitāte, . . . quō dolore . . .
separation of noun and adjective (especially by a preposition, postpostive adverb, genitive or verb(al)
interruption (separation) of parts (especially subject/DO and verb) of clause by subordinate clauses, appositives, long (compounded) phrases, etc. [i.e. be patient and wait – save a spot- for the verb]
(periodic sentence structure)
genitive – noun word order
word order: noun adjective and adjective
omnia muta atque inanima; (lines 446-447)
substantive use of adjectives [with understood noun]
omnia everything; omnēs everyone
multī; multōs many people; multa many things
structural indicator words (correlatives)
et . . . et
non solum/modo . . . sed etiam
neque . . . neque
aut . . . aut
cum . . . tum both . . . and; not only . . . but also
Contrast paragraph: type of paragraph involving a comparison of two persons/things. It often includes parallel grammatical stuctures.
parallel clauses: clauses with parallel syntax; they may be opposite /adversative or similar in meaning
quod est ingenium tantum,
quae [ ] tanta facultas dicendi aut copia,
gapping: omission of a parallel word from one (often the first, especially for verbs) clause (cf. previous)
Stylistic devices:
tricolon: list of three items (usually with no connector; sometimes with “and” with each item)
qua vi vocis
qua gravitate verborum
quo dolore animi
anaphora: repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive phrases/clauses
(neque . . . neque . . . neque)
nullus gemitus
nulla vox
chiasmus: ABBA word order
perniciosa rei publicae (adj. – dative)
vobisque periculosa (dative – adjective)
emphatic pronouns
paired synonyms
vitiis flagitiisque;
monumenta et indicia
rhetorical questions
Kinds of questions:
-ne (neutral): yes or no?
nonne: expects a “yes” answer, i.e. asking for confirmation or agreement or suggesting that that should be your answer
(e.g. you are, aren’t you?)
num: expects/advocates a “no” answer, i.e. seeking confirmation that something is not the case or suggesting that that should be your answer (you aren’t, are you? surely you’re not, are you?)
metrical clausulae (use of certain metrical patterns at the ends of clauses)
. . . esse videātur. (long, short, short, short, long, long)
Prefixes & Suffixes
| Prefix | Frequency | Meaning | Suffix | Frequency | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| con- | 41 | together; completely, very, greatly, deeply, forcibly |
-tiō/-siō, -iōnis, f. |
572 2 |
abstract noun denoting an act: a “_____ing” |
| ex- | 38 | out from; exceedingly, up |
-tās, tātis, f. | 40 | adjective: expresses quality or condition noun: act, office, condition, or characteristic (Abstract) |
| ad- | 30 | to, towards; in addition |
-(t)ium, -ī, nt. | 28 | Abstract noun: denotes an act, office, condition, or characteristic; also used of a place or a collective idea. |
| in- (verb) | 30 | verbs: into, in, on, upon, against | -(t)ia, -ae, f. | 27 | adjective: abstract quality or condition noun: abstract act, office, condition, or charactersistic. also sometimes expresses a collective English -ce, -ship, -(t)y, -ness, -tude |
| re- | 27 | back | -tor, tōris, m. | 26 | agent: one who ______ English -er, -or, -tor |
| de- | 24 | down, away, aside, out, off; utterly, completely |
-tus/-sus, -ūs, m. | 19 | especially from fourth principal parts of verbs result or act of _______ing |
| ob- | 21 | opposite, against; towards, to, over |
-(i)ter | 173 | adverb from 3rd declension adjectives (English -ly) |
| in- (adj.) | 21 | not, un- | -scō, -ere | 16 | inceptive: to enter a state “begin to ___, become ___” |
| per- | 10, 71 | through; thoroughly, very, completely |
-ōsus, -a, -um | 15 | “full of” English -ose, -ous, -ful |
| dis-/dī | 16 | apart, in different directions, away; not |
-tō/-sō, -āre | 15 | frequentative and intensive usually 1st conjugation |
| pro- | 10 | forth, forward; instead of, prefer |
-tus, -a, -um | 12 | “provided with” English -ed, -ate |
| prae- | 8 | before, in front; very |
-ālis, -e -āris, -e |
7 4 |
“pertaining to” English -al, -il |
| ab- | 6 | away (from) | -or, ōris, m. | 8 | signifies activity, condition, or state especially used of emotions |
| sub- | 5 | under; up (from beneath); rather, somewhat, a little; secretly |
-ius, -a, -um | 7, 34 | “pertaining to, belonging to” |
| sē- | 5 | apart, separately | -ārius, -a, -um | 8 | “pertaining to, belonging to” |
| inter- | 4 | between, among | -mentum, ī, nt. | 7 | denotes a means or instrument; sometimes denotes place |
| circum- | 4 | around | -tūra, -ae, f. | 6 | denotes an act |
| trans- | 3 | across; over |
-inus, -a, -um -ānus, -a, -um -ēnsis, -e -(i)cus, -a, -um |
6, 64 3, 74 2, 84 3, 54 |
“pertaining to; from (a place)” English -an -ic |
1. First number is verbs, second is adjectives.
2. Jenks also gives first conjugation denominatives: Cicero 58. I do not have these broken down by type yet.
3. Not included in Jenks. The figure is mine. I do not yet have a figure for adverbs in –ē.
4. The first number is common adjectives; the second, proper adjectives.
Based on Paul R. Jenks, A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools (Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., Publishers, 1911), who used Cat. 1-14; Manil.; Pro Archia.