Vocabulary forms
Nouns: nominative sing., genitive sing., gender
Adjectives: nominative singular masc., fem. (/masc.- fem), neuter;
3rd decl. 1 ending nom., (gen.)
| Case | “Normal” Nominative (Blue) | “Gregarious” Genitive (Orange) | “Darling/Daddy” Dative (Purple) | “Adventuresome” Accusative (Red) | “Bashful” Ablative (Green) | “Vocal” Vocative (Yellow) |
| Function(s); See also Uses of each case (link at case name) |
Subject; Complement (Predicate Adjective/Predicate Nominative) | Possession; (noun) (“of/for”) noun | Indirect Object; Reference (“for”) | Direct Object; Object of preposition; motion “to” a place; “for” time (duration) | Object of preposition; “by” [means “of”]/”with (a thing)”; Location (“in”); Separation “from” |
Direct Address |
Singular Endings
| Nominative | Genitive (- ending = base | Dative
| Accusative |
Ablative |
Vocative |
| |
-a stem/ 1st decl.
| -a |
-ae |
-ae |
-am |
-ā |
-a |
|
| -o stem/ 2nd decl. | masc.: -us -(e)r nt.: -um |
-ī | -ō | -um | -ō | -r = nom. (-us nom): -e (-ius nom): -ī nt.: -um |
| Pronouns | m/f. (-s) nt. (-d) |
-īus (meī, tuī, suī) |
-ī (mihi, tibi, sibi) |
-am, -um,nt. = nom. | -ō, -ā, -ō | |
| 3rd decl; cons. stem and *-i stem |
masc.: -r fem: -s, -ō, -x nt.: -us, -oris/-eris; -men, -minis (3 ending adj.) -er, -is, -e (2 ending) -is, -e (1 endings) -s/-x |
-is | -ī | m./f.: -em nt.: (= nom.) |
cons. stem: -e nt. *-i stem/adj: -ī |
(=nom. or stem) |
| -u stem/ 4th | -us | -ūs | -uī | -um | -ū | -us |
| -e stem/ 5th | -ēs | -eī (vowel)-ēī |
-eī (vowel)-ēī |
-em | -ē | -ēs |
Plural Endings
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Ablative | Vocative | |
| -a stem 1st declension |
-ae | -ārum | -īs | -ās | -īs | -ae |
| -o stem; 2nd decl. |
masc: -ī nt: -a |
-ōrum | -īs | masc: ōs nt: -a |
-īs | -ī |
| Pronouns | -ī, -ae, -a (nōs, vōs) |
-ōrum, -ārum, -ōrum (nostrum, nostrī) |
-īs (quibus) (nōbīs, vōbīs) |
-ōs, -ās -a |
-īs (quibus) (nōbīs, vōbīs) |
|
| 3rd decl: cons. and -i stem |
m/f: -ēs, nt: -a (-i stem/ adj: -ia) |
-um -i stem/adj.: -ium |
-ibus | m/f: -ēs (-i stem:/ -īs), nt. -a (-i stem/ adj: -ia) |
-ibus | (= nom.) |
| -u stem; 4th decl. |
-ūs | -uum | -ibus | -ūs | -ibus | -ūs |
| -e stem; 5th decl. |
ēs | -ērum | -ēbus | -ēs | -ēbus | -ēs |
| 3rd decl. Gender | *-i stem |
| Nominatives in -s, -ō, -x: usually feminine [many nom. in –s have a -t (or -d) base] (ars, art-is) Nominatives in -r: usually masculine Neuter: -men, (min-) -us (-or- or -er-) |
nominative= genitive (ignis, ignis) monosyllabic nominative + base ending in two consonants (nox, noct-is) [-e abl s; but -ium gen. pl.] -i stem endings in singular and plural: mare, animal (neuter) 3rd decl. adjectives |